TTM 352

Tourism Planning and Policies

TU BTTM · Semester 6 · Recent BTTM syllabus series

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required
Credits
3
Past papers
1 papers

Past exam papers

Complete papers are arranged by exam year (BS / AD).

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Tribhuvan University

Faculty of Management

Office of the Dean

2080 BS / Regular Examination

Course: TTM 352 · Tourism Planning and Policies

Level: Bachelor of Travel and Tourism Management (BTTM) · Semester 6

Full Marks: 60

Time: 3 hrs.

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Figures in the margin indicate full marks.

Section A

Brief Answer Questions. Attempt ALL questions. (5 × 2 = 10)

[5*2=10]

  1. Define Tourism Policy.

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    Definition of Tourism Policy

    Tourism policy is a set of formal regulations, rules, guidelines, directives, and development objectives formulated by the state to guide collective and individual decisions affecting long-term tourism development within a nation.

  2. What is the primary objective of Nepal’s Tourism Policy, 2065 (2009)?

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    Core Objective of Nepal Tourism Policy 2065

    To establish Nepal as an attractive, safe, and premium global travel destination through sustainable tourism development, generating rural employment, reducing poverty, and distributing tourism benefits equitably across all regions.

  3. Differentiate between Top-Down and Bottom-Up tourism planning.

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    Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Planning

    • Top-Down Planning: Decisions formulated centralized by national ministries without grassroots input; often fails to address local community needs.
    • Bottom-Up Planning: Participatory planning where local communities, indigenous leaders, and small business owners actively co-create tourism policies.

  4. Define Tourism Leakage.

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    Meaning of Tourism Leakage

    Tourism leakage is the percentage of tourist expenditure in a destination that leaves the domestic economy to pay for imported food, foreign airline tickets, foreign management fees, and imported luxury goods, reducing the net economic benefit.

  5. What is meant by an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)?

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    Meaning of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

    An EIA is a statutory multidisciplinary study evaluating the potential positive and negative environmental, social, and cultural impacts of a proposed tourism mega-project (e.g., new international airport, highway, or resort) prior to government licensing.

Section B

Short Answer Questions. Attempt any SIX questions. (6 × 5 = 30)

[6*5=30]

  1. Explain the major phases of the Tourism Planning Process.

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    The Tourism Planning Process

    1. Study Preparation: Defining terms of reference, project boundaries, and multi-disciplinary teams.
    2. Resource Inventory & Data Collection: Surveying natural, cultural, and human resources and analyzing tourist demand trends.
    3. Analysis and Synthesis: SWOT analysis, carrying capacity assessments, and market gap identification.
    4. Policy & Strategy Formulation: Formulating vision, strategic goals, and zoning blueprints.
    5. Implementation & Action Planning: Assigning budgets, timelines, and institutional responsibilities.
    6. Monitoring & Periodic Review: Evaluating actual performance against benchmarks.

  2. Describe the institutional framework of tourism governance in Nepal (MoCTCA, NTB, and local governments).

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    Institutional Framework of Tourism Governance in Nepal

    • Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (MoCTCA): Apex federal ministry responsible for national policy, bilateral air service agreements, and mountaineering expedition licensing.
    • Nepal Tourism Board (NTB): Statutory autonomous public-private board executing global marketing and destination promotion.
    • Local & Provincial Governments: Constitutionally empowered under the federal structure to plan, license, and collect taxes from local tourism enterprises and homestays.

  3. Discuss the barriers to effective tourism policy implementation in developing nations.

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    Barriers to Tourism Policy Implementation

    1. Political Instability & Frequent Cabinet Turnover: Frequent changes in tourism ministers derail long-term strategic plans.
    2. Inter-Agency Coordination Breakdowns: Friction between immigration, forest conservation, civil aviation, and transport authorities.
    3. Inadequate Budgetary Allocation: Grand policies announced without dedicated funding for infrastructure execution.

  4. Explain the incentives provided to foreign and domestic tourism investors under Nepalese investment laws.

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    Incentives for Tourism Investors in Nepal

    • Concessional customs duties on import of luxury tour vehicles and resort building materials.
    • Income tax holidays for luxury resorts established in remote underdeveloped provinces.
    • 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) permitted in luxury hotel infrastructure.

  5. Describe the role of the Nepal Tourism Decade (2023–2032) strategic initiative.

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    Strategic Initiative: Nepal Tourism Decade (2023–2032)

    • Vision: Attract 3.5 million international visitors annually by 2032 and generate 1 million jobs.
    • Focus Areas: Upgrading regional international airports (Pokhara and Bhairahawa), promoting spiritual Buddhist circuits, and digitizing rural homestay networks.

  6. Explain how Land-Use Planning protects cultural heritage monuments from commercial encroachment.

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    Land-Use Planning and Heritage Protection

    • Demarcating legally protected Core Heritage Buffer Zones around UNESCO monument squares.
    • Restricting commercial billboards, prohibiting vehicular traffic, and imposing strict building height limits to protect ancient skyline vistas.

Section C

Comprehensive / Analytical Questions. Attempt any TWO questions. (2 × 10 = 20)

[2*10=20]

  1. Critically analyze Nepal’s Civil Aviation Policy and evaluate the operationalization of Gautam Buddha and Pokhara International Airports.

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    Critical Evaluation: Regional International Airports in Nepal

    1. Infrastructure Achievement:
      • Construction of Gautam Buddha International Airport (Bhairahawa) and Pokhara International Airport expanded runway capacity, relieving chronic air congestion at Kathmandu’s Tribhuvan International Airport (TIA).
    2. Severe Operational and Diplomatic Challenges:
      • Inability to secure commercial international flights due to delays in acquiring new cross-border airspace entry routes from Indian authorities.
      • High landing fees, ground handling costs, and lack of aggressive international airline marketing subsidies.
    3. Policy Recommendations:
      • Offering complete landing fee waivers, subsidized jet fuel, and integrated visa-on-arrival logistics for international low-cost carriers.

  2. Formulate a National Tourism Recovery and Resilience Policy Framework for Nepal to mitigate geopolitical, pandemic, and natural hazard vulnerabilities.

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    National Tourism Resilience and Crisis Policy Framework

    1. National Tourism Emergency Relief Fund: Establishing a statutory emergency reserve funded by a 1% levy on airline tickets to provide low-interest payroll bridge loans to tour operators during crises.
    2. Fostering Domestic Tourism (Desh Dekhau Desh Bujhau): Providing statutory paid travel leave concessions to civil servants and corporate employees to buffer against international market downturns.
    3. Satellite Emergency Communications: Deploying satellite tracking and automated early flood/blizzard warning systems along all Himalayan trekking corridors.