TTM 351

Eco-Tourism

TU BTTM · Semester 6 · Recent BTTM syllabus series

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required
Credits
3
Past papers
1 papers

Past exam papers

Complete papers are arranged by exam year (BS / AD).

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Tribhuvan University

Faculty of Management

Office of the Dean

2080 BS / Regular Examination

Course: TTM 351 · Eco-Tourism

Level: Bachelor of Travel and Tourism Management (BTTM) · Semester 6

Full Marks: 60

Time: 3 hrs.

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Figures in the margin indicate full marks.

Section A

Brief Answer Questions. Attempt ALL questions. (5 × 2 = 10)

[5*2=10]

  1. Define Ecotourism according to The International Ecotourism Society (TIES).

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    TIES Definition of Ecotourism

    According to TIES, ecotourism is “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education” of both staff and guests.

  2. State the three core pillars of Ecotourism.

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    The Three Core Pillars of Ecotourism

    1. Nature Conservation (minimizing negative environmental impact).
    2. Local Community Benefits (empowering local culture and economy).
    3. Environmental Education (interpreting natural biodiversity to tourists).

  3. What is greenwashing in tourism?

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    Meaning of Greenwashing

    Greenwashing is the deceptive marketing practice of falsely promoting a tourism business, lodge, or tour as environmentally friendly or “eco” through superficial slogans when its actual operational practices cause significant ecological destruction.

  4. Define an Ecolodge.

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    Meaning of an Ecolodge

    An ecolodge is a small-scale, environmentally integrated accommodation facility located in a natural area designed, constructed, and operated in harmony with local ecological systems, utilizing renewable solar energy, rainwater harvesting, and local organic foods.

  5. What is the role of an eco-guide?

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    Role of an Eco-Guide

    An eco-guide is a professionally trained naturalist who interprets biodiversity, flora, fauna, and indigenous cultural traditions to tourists while strictly enforcing conservation ethics (leave-no-trace, waste disposal).

Section B

Short Answer Questions. Attempt any SIX questions. (6 × 5 = 30)

[6*5=30]

  1. Explain the difference between Mass Tourism, Nature Tourism, and Ecotourism.

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    Comparative Analysis: Mass Tourism, Nature Tourism, and Ecotourism

    • Mass Tourism: High-volume, standardized package tourism focused on relaxation; high environmental footprint with minimal conservation contribution.
    • Nature Tourism: Traveling to natural areas simply to enjoy natural landscapes (e.g., viewing Everest); may not necessarily conserve nature or empower local communities.
    • Ecotourism: A specialized niche of nature travel characterized by active environmental conservation, environmental education, and direct financial benefits returned to indigenous communities.

  2. Describe the conservation model of Nepal’s Protected Areas (National Parks and Conservation Areas).

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    Conservation Models in Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP)

    • Pioneering Community Model: Managed by the National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC), ACAP demonstrated that local communities are the best stewards of nature.
    • Revenue Recycling: 100% of visitor permit entry fees collected from international trekkers are reinvested directly into trail maintenance, solar heating, and community education.

  3. Discuss the environmental impacts of trekking tourism along the Annapurna and Everest trails.

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    Ecological Impacts of High-Altitude Trekking in Nepal

    • Solid Waste Accumulation: Tons of discarded non-biodegradable plastic water bottles, tin cans, and oxygen cylinders (“the highest garbage dump”).
    • Deforestation for Fuelwood: Illegal cutting of slow-growing rhododendron and juniper forests to provide hot showers for trekkers.
    • Trail Erosion: Soil erosion caused by thousands of boots and pack animals along steep mountain slopes.

  4. Explain the architectural and environmental criteria for authentic Ecolodge certification.

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    Certification Criteria for Authentic Ecolodges

    1. Vernacular Architecture: Built using locally sourced, renewable materials (slate, stone, bamboo, wood).
    2. Renewable Clean Energy: 100% solar photovoltaic panels or micro-hydro power.
    3. Closed-Loop Waste Management: Zero landfill waste; composting food scraps and graywater reed-bed filtration.
    4. Local Procurement: Over 80% of vegetables, eggs, and dairy sourced from neighboring subsistence farmers.

  5. Describe the role of wildlife safaris and ecotourism in rhinoceros and tiger conservation in Chitwan.

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    Ecotourism in Rhino and Tiger Conservation in Chitwan

    • Tourism revenues fund the Department of National Parks and Nepal Army anti-poaching patrols, achieving consecutive years of Zero Poaching of One-Horned Rhinoceroses.
    • Buffer zone community forests return 30%–50% of national park park revenues directly to local Tharu communities, eliminating wildlife-human conflict.

  6. Explain the principles of Leave No Trace (LNT) for wilderness travelers.

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    Seven Principles of Leave No Trace (LNT)

    1. Plan ahead and prepare.
    2. Travel and camp on durable surfaces.
    3. Dispose of waste properly (pack it in, pack it out).
    4. Leave what you find (rocks, plants, artifacts).
    5. Minimize campfire impacts.
    6. Respect wildlife (observe from a distance).
    7. Be considerate of other visitors.

Section C

Comprehensive / Analytical Questions. Attempt any TWO questions. (2 × 10 = 20)

[2*10=20]

  1. Evaluate the Community-Based Ecotourism (CBET) model in Nepal. How does it empower rural indigenous populations?

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    Community-Based Ecotourism (CBET) in Nepal

    1. Economic Empowerment: Homestay models (e.g., Ghalegaun, Sirubari) ensure that tourism dollars directly reach household kitchens rather than leaking to urban travel agencies.
    2. Preservation of Indigenous Culture: Revitalizes traditional Gurung, Magar, and Tamang folk music, organic agricultural farming, and traditional attire.
    3. Gender Empowerment: Women’s Homestay Management Committees manage bookings and finances, transforming women into respected community leaders.

  2. Formulate a Sustainable Ecotourism Action Plan for the fragile alpine ecosystem of Shey Phoksundo National Park in Dolpa.

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    Ecotourism Action Plan: Shey Phoksundo National Park

    1. Strict Carrying Capacity Controls: Capping daily trekking permits to 50 visitors per day to protect the pristine turquoise lake and snow leopard habitat.
    2. Plastic Free Zone Mandate: Absolute ban on single-use plastic water bottles; establishing solar UV water filtration stations at village checkpoints.
    3. Pack-It-Out Waste Deposit System: Requiring trekking groups to leave a refundable waste deposit returned only upon bringing back all solid waste to Juphal airport.